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Python实例题
题目
代码实现
实现原理
游戏逻辑#xff1a;
AI 算法#xff1a;
界面渲染#xff1a;
关键代码解析
游戏棋盘渲染
AI 决策算法
胜利条件检查
使用说明
安装依赖#xff1a;
运行游戏#xff1a;
游戏操作#xff1a;
扩展建议
增强…目录
Python实例题
题目
代码实现
实现原理
游戏逻辑
AI 算法
界面渲染
关键代码解析
游戏棋盘渲染
AI 决策算法
胜利条件检查
使用说明
安装依赖
运行游戏
游戏操作
扩展建议
增强 AI
界面改进
功能扩展
性能优化 Python实例题
题目
人机对战初体验Python基于Pygame实现四子棋游戏
代码实现
import pygame
import sys
import numpy as np
import randomclass ConnectFour:def __init__(self):# 游戏常量self.ROWS 6self.COLUMNS 7self.SQUARE_SIZE 100self.WIDTH self.COLUMNS * self.SQUARE_SIZEself.HEIGHT (self.ROWS 1) * self.SQUARE_SIZEself.SCREEN_SIZE (self.WIDTH, self.HEIGHT)self.RADIUS int(self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2 - 5)# 颜色定义self.BLUE (0, 0, 255)self.BLACK (0, 0, 0)self.RED (255, 0, 0)self.YELLOW (255, 255, 0)self.WHITE (255, 255, 255)# 初始化游戏pygame.init()self.screen pygame.display.set_mode(self.SCREEN_SIZE)pygame.display.set_caption(四子棋)self.font pygame.font.SysFont(SimHei, 40)self.small_font pygame.font.SysFont(SimHei, 24)# 游戏变量self.board np.zeros((self.ROWS, self.COLUMNS))self.game_over Falseself.turn 1 # 1: 玩家1/人类, 2: 玩家2/AIself.player_mode 1 # 1: 人机对战, 2: 双人对战self.winner 0# 绘制初始界面self.draw_board()pygame.display.update()def draw_board(self):绘制游戏棋盘# 绘制背景self.screen.fill(self.BLUE)# 绘制标题区域title_rect pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.WIDTH, self.SQUARE_SIZE)pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.BLACK, title_rect)# 显示标题和模式title_text self.font.render(四子棋, True, self.WHITE)self.screen.blit(title_text, (self.WIDTH // 2 - title_text.get_width() // 2, 30))mode_text self.small_font.render(模式: 人机对战 if self.player_mode 1 else 模式: 双人对战, True, self.WHITE)self.screen.blit(mode_text, (20, 35))# 绘制切换模式按钮button_rect pygame.Rect(self.WIDTH - 150, 25, 120, 50)pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.RED if self.player_mode 1 else self.YELLOW, button_rect)button_text self.small_font.render(切换双人 if self.player_mode 1 else 切换人机, True, self.WHITE)self.screen.blit(button_text, (button_rect.centerx - button_text.get_width() // 2, button_rect.centery - button_text.get_height() // 2))# 绘制棋盘格子for c in range(self.COLUMNS):for r in range(self.ROWS):pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.BLACK, (c * self.SQUARE_SIZE, (r 1) * self.SQUARE_SIZE, self.SQUARE_SIZE, self.SQUARE_SIZE))pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, self.WHITE, (int(c * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2), int((r 1) * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2)), self.RADIUS)# 绘制当前棋子for c in range(self.COLUMNS):for r in range(self.ROWS):if self.board[r][c] 1:pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, self.RED, (int(c * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2), self.HEIGHT - int(r * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2)), self.RADIUS)elif self.board[r][c] 2:pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, self.YELLOW, (int(c * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2), self.HEIGHT - int(r * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2)), self.RADIUS)# 如果游戏结束显示获胜信息if self.game_over:overlay pygame.Surface(self.SCREEN_SIZE, pygame.SRCALPHA)overlay.fill((0, 0, 0, 180))self.screen.blit(overlay, (0, 0))winner_text self.font.render(f玩家 {红方 if self.winner 1 else 黄方} 获胜! if self.winner ! 0 else 平局!, True, self.WHITE)self.screen.blit(winner_text, (self.WIDTH // 2 - winner_text.get_width() // 2, self.HEIGHT // 2 - 30))restart_text self.font.render(按R键重新开始, True, self.WHITE)self.screen.blit(restart_text, (self.WIDTH // 2 - restart_text.get_width() // 2, self.HEIGHT // 2 30))def is_valid_location(self, col):检查指定列是否可以放置棋子return self.board[0][col] 0def get_next_open_row(self, col):获取指定列中下一个可用的行for r in range(self.ROWS - 1, -1, -1):if self.board[r][col] 0:return rdef drop_piece(self, row, col, player):在指定位置放置棋子self.board[row][col] playerdef check_winning_move(self, player):检查玩家是否获胜# 检查水平方向for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):for r in range(self.ROWS):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r][c 1] player and self.board[r][c 2] player and self.board[r][c 3] player):return True# 检查垂直方向for c in range(self.COLUMNS):for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r 1][c] player and self.board[r 2][c] player and self.board[r 3][c] player):return True# 检查正对角线for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r 1][c 1] player and self.board[r 2][c 2] player and self.board[r 3][c 3] player):return True# 检查反对角线for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):for r in range(3, self.ROWS):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r - 1][c 1] player and self.board[r - 2][c 2] player and self.board[r - 3][c 3] player):return Truereturn Falsedef is_board_full(self):检查棋盘是否已满for c in range(self.COLUMNS):if self.is_valid_location(c):return Falsereturn Truedef evaluate_window(self, window, player):评估一个窗口(四个位置)的得分score 0opponent 1 if player 2 else 2if window.count(player) 4:score 100elif window.count(player) 3 and window.count(0) 1:score 10elif window.count(player) 2 and window.count(0) 2:score 5if window.count(opponent) 3 and window.count(0) 1:score - 80 # 阻止对手三连return scoredef score_position(self, player):评估整个棋盘的得分score 0# 评估中心列center_array [int(i) for i in list(self.board[:, self.COLUMNS // 2])]center_count center_array.count(player)score center_count * 3# 评估水平方向for r in range(self.ROWS):row_array [int(i) for i in list(self.board[r, :])]for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):window row_array[c:c 4]score self.evaluate_window(window, player)# 评估垂直方向for c in range(self.COLUMNS):col_array [int(i) for i in list(self.board[:, c])]for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):window col_array[r:r 4]score self.evaluate_window(window, player)# 评估正对角线for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):window [self.board[r i][c i] for i in range(4)]score self.evaluate_window(window, player)# 评估反对角线for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):window [self.board[r 3 - i][c i] for i in range(4)]score self.evaluate_window(window, player)return scoredef get_valid_locations(self):获取所有可用的列valid_locations []for col in range(self.COLUMNS):if self.is_valid_location(col):valid_locations.append(col)return valid_locationsdef minimax(self, depth, maximizingPlayer, alpha, beta):使用Minimax算法和Alpha-Beta剪枝选择最佳移动valid_locations self.get_valid_locations()is_terminal self.is_board_full() or self.check_winning_move(1) or self.check_winning_move(2)if depth 0 or is_terminal:if is_terminal:if self.check_winning_move(2):return (None, 10000000)elif self.check_winning_move(1):return (None, -10000000)else: # 平局return (None, 0)else: # 深度为0return (None, self.score_position(2))if maximizingPlayer:value -float(inf)column random.choice(valid_locations)for col in valid_locations:row self.get_next_open_row(col)temp_board self.board.copy()self.drop_piece(row, col, 2)new_score self.minimax(depth - 1, False, alpha, beta)[1]self.board temp_boardif new_score value:value new_scorecolumn colalpha max(alpha, value)if alpha beta:breakreturn column, valueelse: # 最小化玩家value float(inf)column random.choice(valid_locations)for col in valid_locations:row self.get_next_open_row(col)temp_board self.board.copy()self.drop_piece(row, col, 1)new_score self.minimax(depth - 1, True, alpha, beta)[1]self.board temp_boardif new_score value:value new_scorecolumn colbeta min(beta, value)if alpha beta:breakreturn column, valuedef ai_move(self):AI移动逻辑if not self.game_over:# 使用minimax算法选择最佳列深度为4col, _ self.minimax(4, True, -float(inf), float(inf))if self.is_valid_location(col):pygame.time.wait(500) # 让AI思考看起来更自然row self.get_next_open_row(col)self.drop_piece(row, col, 2)if self.check_winning_move(2):self.game_over Trueself.winner 2elif self.is_board_full():self.game_over Trueself.winner 0self.turn 1 # 回到玩家1self.draw_board()pygame.display.update()def restart_game(self):重新开始游戏self.board np.zeros((self.ROWS, self.COLUMNS))self.game_over Falseself.turn 1self.winner 0self.draw_board()pygame.display.update()def run(self):运行游戏主循环clock pygame.time.Clock()while True:clock.tick(60)for event in pygame.event.get():if event.type pygame.QUIT:pygame.quit()sys.exit()if event.type pygame.KEYDOWN:if event.key pygame.K_r and self.game_over:self.restart_game()if event.type pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:# 检查是否点击了模式切换按钮button_rect pygame.Rect(self.WIDTH - 150, 25, 120, 50)if button_rect.collidepoint(event.pos):self.player_mode 2 if self.player_mode 1 else 1self.restart_game()continue# 游戏未结束且轮到人类玩家if not self.game_over and (self.turn 1 or self.player_mode 2):# 获取鼠标位置pos_x event.pos[0]col int(pos_x // self.SQUARE_SIZE)# 检查列是否有效if self.is_valid_location(col):# 获取下一个可用行row self.get_next_open_row(col)# 放置棋子player self.turnself.drop_piece(row, col, player)# 检查是否获胜if self.check_winning_move(player):self.game_over Trueself.winner player# 检查是否平局elif self.is_board_full():self.game_over Trueself.winner 0# 切换玩家self.turn 2 if self.turn 1 else 1# 绘制棋盘self.draw_board()pygame.display.update()# AI移动人机对战且轮到AIif not self.game_over and self.turn 2 and self.player_mode 1:self.ai_move()if __name__ __main__:game ConnectFour()game.run()
实现原理
这个四子棋游戏基于以下核心技术实现 游戏逻辑 使用 numpy 数组表示游戏棋盘实现棋子放置、胜利条件检查和棋盘状态评估支持人机对战和双人对战模式 AI 算法 使用 Minimax 算法进行决策实现 Alpha-Beta 剪枝优化搜索效率设计评分函数评估棋盘状态 界面渲染 使用 Pygame 创建图形界面实现棋盘、棋子和交互元素的绘制添加游戏状态提示和模式切换功能
关键代码解析
游戏棋盘渲染
def draw_board(self):# 绘制背景和标题self.screen.fill(self.BLUE)title_rect pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.WIDTH, self.SQUARE_SIZE)pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.BLACK, title_rect)# 绘制棋盘格子和棋子for c in range(self.COLUMNS):for r in range(self.ROWS):pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.BLACK, (c * self.SQUARE_SIZE, (r 1) * self.SQUARE_SIZE, self.SQUARE_SIZE, self.SQUARE_SIZE))pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, self.WHITE, (int(c * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2), int((r 1) * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2)), self.RADIUS)# 绘制当前棋子状态for c in range(self.COLUMNS):for r in range(self.ROWS):if self.board[r][c] 1:pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, self.RED, (int(c * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2), self.HEIGHT - int(r * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2)), self.RADIUS)elif self.board[r][c] 2:pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, self.YELLOW, (int(c * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2), self.HEIGHT - int(r * self.SQUARE_SIZE self.SQUARE_SIZE / 2)), self.RADIUS)AI 决策算法
def minimax(self, depth, maximizingPlayer, alpha, beta):valid_locations self.get_valid_locations()is_terminal self.is_board_full() or self.check_winning_move(1) or self.check_winning_move(2)if depth 0 or is_terminal:if is_terminal:if self.check_winning_move(2):return (None, 10000000)elif self.check_winning_move(1):return (None, -10000000)else:return (None, 0)else:return (None, self.score_position(2))if maximizingPlayer:value -float(inf)column random.choice(valid_locations)for col in valid_locations:row self.get_next_open_row(col)temp_board self.board.copy()self.drop_piece(row, col, 2)new_score self.minimax(depth - 1, False, alpha, beta)[1]self.board temp_boardif new_score value:value new_scorecolumn colalpha max(alpha, value)if alpha beta:breakreturn column, valueelse:value float(inf)column random.choice(valid_locations)for col in valid_locations:row self.get_next_open_row(col)temp_board self.board.copy()self.drop_piece(row, col, 1)new_score self.minimax(depth - 1, True, alpha, beta)[1]self.board temp_boardif new_score value:value new_scorecolumn colbeta min(beta, value)if alpha beta:breakreturn column, value胜利条件检查
def check_winning_move(self, player):# 检查水平方向for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):for r in range(self.ROWS):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r][c 1] player and self.board[r][c 2] player and self.board[r][c 3] player):return True# 检查垂直方向for c in range(self.COLUMNS):for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r 1][c] player and self.board[r 2][c] player and self.board[r 3][c] player):return True# 检查正对角线for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):for r in range(self.ROWS - 3):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r 1][c 1] player and self.board[r 2][c 2] player and self.board[r 3][c 3] player):return True# 检查反对角线for c in range(self.COLUMNS - 3):for r in range(3, self.ROWS):if (self.board[r][c] player and self.board[r - 1][c 1] player and self.board[r - 2][c 2] player and self.board[r - 3][c 3] player):return Truereturn False使用说明 安装依赖
pip install pygame numpy运行游戏
python connect_four.py游戏操作 人机对战红方 (玩家) vs 黄方 (AI)双人对战红方 (玩家 1) vs 黄方 (玩家 2)点击顶部按钮切换游戏模式点击列顶部放置棋子游戏结束后按 R 键重新开始
扩展建议 增强 AI 优化评分函数考虑更多策略因素增加难度级别选择实现蒙特卡洛树搜索算法 界面改进 添加动画效果棋子下落、胜利高亮设计更精美的 UI 元素支持全屏模式和窗口调整 功能扩展 实现游戏存档和回放功能添加音效和背景音乐支持局域网多人对战 性能优化 使用位运算优化棋盘表示实现多线程计算 AI 决策添加游戏状态缓存机制
