网站焦点图多少钱,国内做网站哪家公司好,免费的网站制作平台,网站建设工期时间表前言#x1f36d; ❤️❤️❤️网络爬虫专栏更新中#xff0c;各位大佬觉得写得不错#xff0c;支持一下#xff0c;感谢了#xff01;❤️❤️❤️ 前篇简单介绍了什么是网络爬虫及相关概念#xff0c;这篇开始讲解爬虫中的第一个库——urllib。
urllib#x1f36d;
…前言 ❤️❤️❤️网络爬虫专栏更新中各位大佬觉得写得不错支持一下感谢了❤️❤️❤️ 前篇简单介绍了什么是网络爬虫及相关概念这篇开始讲解爬虫中的第一个库——urllib。
urllib
urllib是Python标准库中的一个模块提供了一些用于处理URL的功能。
使用urllib可以进行URL的解析、发送HTTP请求、文件下载等操作。
1、urllib的基本使用
使用urIlib来获取百度首页的源码
# 使用urI1ib来获取百度首页的源码
import urllib.request
# (1)定义一个urI 赢是你要访问的地址
url http://www.baidu.com/
# (2)模拟浏微器向服务器发达求 response阿应
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# (3)获取响应中的页面的源码 (content 内容意思)
# read方法 返回的是字节形式的二进制数据
content response.read()
# (4)打印数据
print(content) 打印结果
b!DOCTYPE html!--STATUS OK--htmlheadmeta http-equivContent-Type contenttext/html;charsetutf-8meta http-equivX-UA-Compatible contentIEedge,chrome1meta contentalways namereferrermeta nametheme-color content#ffffffmeta namedescription content\xe5\x85\xa8\xe7\x90\x83\xe9\xa2\x86\xe5\x85\x88\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe5\xbc\x95\xe6\x93\x8e\xe3\x80\x81\xe8\x87\xb4\xe5\x8a\x9b\xe4\xba\x8e\xe8\xae\xa9\xe7\xbd\x91\xe6\xb0\x91\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe4\xbe\xbf\xe6\x8d\xb7\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe8\x8e\xb7\xe5\x8f\x96\xe4\xbf\xa1\xe6\x81\xaf\xef\xbc\x8c\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe6\x89\x80\xe6\xb1\x82\xe3\x80\x82\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe8\xb6\x85\xe8\xbf\x87\xe5\x8d\x83\xe4\xba\xbf\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe7\xbd\x91\xe9\xa1\xb5\xe6\x95\xb0\xe6\x8d\xae\xe5\xba\x93\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe4\xbb\xa5\xe7\x9e\xac\xe9\x97\xb4\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe7\x9b\xb8\xe5\x85\xb3\xe7\x9a\x84\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe7\xbb\x93\xe6\x9e\x9c\xe3\x80\x82link relshortcut icon hrefhttps://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico typeimage/x-icon /link relsearch typeapplication/opensearchdescriptionxml href/content-search.xml title\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2 /link relicon sizesany mask hrefhttps://www.baidu.com/favicon.icolink reldns-prefetch href//dss0.bdstatic.com/link reldns-prefetch href//dss1.bdstatic.com/link reldns-prefetch href//ss1.bdstatic.com/link reldns-prefetch href//sp0.baidu.com/link reldns-prefetch href//sp1.baidu.com/link reldns-prefetch href//sp2.baidu.com/link reldns-prefetch href//pss.bdstatic.com/link relapple-touch-icon-precomposed hrefhttps://psstatic.cdn.bcebos.com/video/wiseindex/aa6eef91f8b5b1a33b454c401_1660835115000.pngtitle\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b\xef\xbc\x8c\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xb0\xb1\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe9
......
可以看到开头字母为b这代表这返回的是字节形式的二进制数据。我们想要看懂它需要将它转换成字符串也就是解码二进制-字符串。
源码源码 # 使用urI1ib来获取百度首页的源码
import urllib.request
# (1)定义一个urI 赢是你要访问的地址
url http://www.baidu.com
# (2)模拟浏微器向服务器发达求 response阿应
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# (3)获取响应中的页面的源码 (content 内容意思)
# read方法 返回的是字节形式的二进制数据 我们使用decode进行主动解码将其转换成字符串
content response.read().decode(utf-8)
# (4)打印数据
print(content) 打印结果 2、一个类型六个方法
一个类型
为什么要讲一个类型呢因为后面要讲的一个库叫request库request库也有相对应的响应但是它的类型不一样为了进行一个对比才进行这样的一个讲解。
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# 一个类型六个方法
print(type(response))
类型打印
class http.client.HTTPResponse
从上面我们可以知道response的数据类型是HttpResponse我们需要去记住。
六个方法
Ⅰ、read方法
read方法是按照一个字节一个字节的去读
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# 按照一个字节一个字节的去读
content response.read()
print(content)read方法按字节读
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# read方法按字节读
content response.read(5)
print(content)打印结果
b!DOC
Ⅱ、readline方法按行读
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# readline方法按行读
content response.readline()
print(content)
打印结果
b!DOCTYPE html!--STATUS OK--htmlheadmeta http-equivContent-Type contenttext/html;charsetutf-8meta http-equivX-UA-Compatible contentIEedge,chrome1meta contentalways namereferrermeta nametheme-color content#ffffffmeta namedescription content\xe5\x85\xa8\xe7\x90\x83\xe9\xa2\x86\xe5\x85\x88\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe5\xbc\x95\xe6\x93\x8e\xe3\x80\x81\xe8\x87\xb4\xe5\x8a\x9b\xe4\xba\x8e\xe8\xae\xa9\xe7\xbd\x91\xe6\xb0\x91\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe4\xbe\xbf\xe6\x8d\xb7\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe8\x8e\xb7\xe5\x8f\x96\xe4\xbf\xa1\xe6\x81\xaf\xef\xbc\x8c\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe6\x89\x80\xe6\xb1\x82\xe3\x80\x82\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe8\xb6\x85\xe8\xbf\x87\xe5\x8d\x83\xe4\xba\xbf\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe7\xbd\x91\xe9\xa1\xb5\xe6\x95\xb0\xe6\x8d\xae\xe5\xba\x93\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe4\xbb\xa5\xe7\x9e\xac\xe9\x97\xb4\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe7\x9b\xb8\xe5\x85\xb3\xe7\x9a\x84\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe7\xbb\x93\xe6\x9e\x9c\xe3\x80\x82link relshortcut icon 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.bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .left-img{box-sizing:border-box;float:left;width:40px;height:40px;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.06);border-radius:9px;margin-right:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .content{float:left}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .header{margin-bottom:6px;line-height:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:middle}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .name{float:left;font-size:18px;color:#222;font-weight:500}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .tag-img{width:18px;margin-left:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .more{line-height:14px;width:240px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .brief,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .info{font-size:14px;color:#222;font-weight:400}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .brief{margin-right:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .right-btn{float:right;margin-top:5px;margin-right:6px;width:60px;height:24px;text-align:center;font-size:14px;color:#36F;line-height:24px;background-image:linear-gradient(111deg,#e8f7ff 0,#edf0ff 100%);border-radius:12px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .right-btn:hover{background:#315efb;color:#fff}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover .direct-sug-wrap .name{color:#315EFB}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover .direct-sug-wrap .brief{color:#222}#head_wrapper.s-down #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new{top:52px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new{width:100%;box-shadow:0 4px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)!important;border-radius:12px;top:56px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul{border:0;padding:0 0 7px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul li{line-height:32px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul .bdsug-s{background-color:#F1F3FD!important}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new .bdsug-store-del{right:15px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu{z-index:1;display:none;position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-12px;font-size:24px;color:#4E6EF2;height:24px;line-height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transition:transform .3s ease}.sam_search .sam_search_rec{right:54px}.sam_search .sam_search_soutu{right:14px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec:hover,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu:hover{color:#1D4FFF!important;transform:scale(1.08,1.08)}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover{background:#626675;border-radius:8px;height:32px;width:76px;text-align:center;line-height:32px;font-size:13px;color:#FFF;position:absolute;z-index:2;top:50px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover:before,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover:before{content:\\;border:4px solid transparent;border-bottom:4px solid #626675;position:absolute;left:50%;top:-8px;margin-left:-4px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover{right:29px}.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover{display:none;right:-12px}/stylestyle typetext/css indexsuperbaseblockquote,body,button,dd,dl,dt,fieldset,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,input,legend,li,ol,p,pre,td,textarea,th,ul{margin:0;padding:0}\nⅢ、readlines按行读直到读完
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# readlines按行读直到读完
content response.readlines()
print(content)
Ⅳ、getcode获取状态码
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# getcode获取状态码
print(response.getcode())打印结果:
200常见状态码
在HTTP协议中常见的状态码用于表示服务器对请求的处理结果。以下是一些常见的状态码及其含义
200 OK请求成功服务器成功处理了请求并返回了所需的数据。301 Moved Permanently永久重定向请求的资源已永久移动到新的URL。302 Found临时重定向请求的资源暂时移动到了新的URL。400 Bad Request请求无效服务器无法理解或处理请求。401 Unauthorized未授权请求需要身份验证。403 Forbidden禁止访问服务器拒绝请求访问资源。404 Not Found未找到服务器无法找到请求的资源。500 Internal Server Error服务器内部错误服务器在处理请求过程中发生了错误。502 Bad Gateway错误的网关作为代理或网关的服务器从上游服务器接收到无效的响应。503 Service Unavailable服务不可用服务器暂时无法处理请求通常是由于过载或维护。
这只是一些常见的状态码HTTP协议中还有更多的状态码每个状态码都有特定的含义和用途。在开发或使用HTTP请求时了解常见的状态码可以帮助你更好地理解服务器对请求的响应。
Ⅴ、geturl获取url地址
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# getcode获取状态码
print(response.geturl()) 打印结果
http://www.baidu.com
Ⅵ、getheaders方法获取headers一个状态信息
import urllib.requesturl http://www.baidu.com
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# getcode获取状态码
print(response.getheaders())打印信息
[(Content-Length, 410774), (Content-Security-Policy, frame-ancestors self https://chat.baidu.com http://mirror-chat.baidu.com https://fj-chat.baidu.com https://hba-chat.baidu.com https://hbe-chat.baidu.com https://njjs-chat.baidu.com https://nj-chat.baidu.com https://hna-chat.baidu.com https://hnb-chat.baidu.com http://debug.baidu-int.com;), (Content-Type, text/html; charsetutf-8), (Date, Sat, 23 Sep 2023 10:36:09 GMT), (P3p, CP OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM ), (P3p, CP OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM ), (Server, BWS/1.1), (Set-Cookie, BAIDUID50E2111E01C6C8C836180B5DFDFF669E:FG1; expiresThu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age2147483647; path/; domain.baidu.com), (Set-Cookie, BIDUPSID50E2111E01C6C8C836180B5DFDFF669E; expiresThu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age2147483647; path/; domain.baidu.com), (Set-Cookie, PSTM1695465369; expiresThu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age2147483647; path/; domain.baidu.com), (Set-Cookie, BAIDUID50E2111E01C6C8C85CBF086F53BBCFB9:FG1; max-age31536000; expiresSun, 22-Sep-24 10:36:09 GMT; domain.baidu.com; path/; version1; commentbd), (Traceid, 1695465369023779380213415997353182430819), (Vary, Accept-Encoding), (X-Ua-Compatible, IEEdge,chrome1), (Connection, close)]3、下载
我们可以通过爬虫urllib.request.urlretrieve()将网页、图片、视频下载下来。
下载网页
下载百度的网页
import urllib.request# 下载网页
url_page http://www,.baidu, com
# urI代表的是下载的路径 filename文件的名字# 在python中 可以变量的名字 也可以直接写值
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_page, baidu.html)
下载好了之后浏览器打开 下载图片
import urllib.request# 下载图片
url_imghttps://profile-avatar.csdnimg.cn/82351d3cb9754fda97cb85258d7e74a0_m0_63951142.jpg!1
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_img, filenametx.jpg)
把我的头像链接输入下载下来 下载视频 再找到里面的src 这就是我们的视频地址
import urllib.request# 下载网页
# url_page http://www.baidu.com
# # urI代表的是下载的路径 filename文件的名字# 在python中 可以变量的名字 也可以直接写值
# urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_page, baidu.html)
url_videohttps://v16m-default.akamaized.net/5ec5b30ab203de382ab98284de179428/650f2c82/video/tos/alisg/tos-alisg-v-0051c001-sg/oAoAVUpAqIizX8BESwEmjdNsBWAfpFhywEKEVq/?a0ch0cr0dr0er0lrdefaultcd0%7C0%7C0%7C0br2016bt1008bticmd5ZGgxZGZiZmIrY2E6cs0ds3ftdl9~j-Inz7TlNPJZiyq8Zmime_typevideo_mp4qs13rcM3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEBpM3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEAyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zYSMyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zcw%3D%3Dl202309231156594B50CCEF2A58CC50DD84btage00068000https://v16m-default.akamaized.net/5ec5b30ab203de382ab98284de179428/650f2c82/video/tos/alisg/tos-alisg-v-0051c001-sg/oAoAVUpAqIizX8BESwEmjdNsBWAfpFhywEKEVq/?a0ch0cr0dr0er0lrdefaultcd0%7C0%7C0%7C0br2016bt1008bticmd5ZGgxZGZiZmIrY2E6cs0ds3ftdl9~j-Inz7TlNPJZiyq8Zmime_typevideo_mp4qs13rcM3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEBpM3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEAyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zYSMyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zcw%3D%3Dl202309231156594B50CCEF2A58CC50DD84btage00068000
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_video, dm.mp4) 运行代码 下载好了之后我们在pycharm是打不开的得去本地文件中找 点击就可以看了
